Uracil

Uracil structural formula

CAS Number66-22-8
Molecular FormulaC4H4N2O2
Molecular Weight112.088
InChI KeyISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP-1.07
Synonyms
  • Uracil
  • Pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione
  • 2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione
  • 66-22-8
  • 2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione
  • 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine
  • 2,4-Dioxopyrimidine
  • 2,4-DIOXYPYRIMIDINE
  • 2,4-Pyrimidinediol
  • 2,4-Pyrimidinedione
  • 4-Hydroxyuracil
  • Hybar X
  • NSC 3970
  • PYRIMIDINE-2,4-DIONE (1H,3H)
  • Uracile
  • uracilo
  • EINECS 200-621-9
  • UNII-56HH86ZVCT
  • 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione
  • Pirod
  • Pyrod
  • Ura
  • Urazil
  • 138285-60-6
  • 144104-68-7
  • 153445-42-2
  • 42910-77-0
  • 4433-21-0
  • 4433-24-3
  • 51953-19-6
  • 766-19-8

Applications:

HPLC Separation of Uracil, Thymine, Hypoxanthine and Guanine on Newcrom AH

October 31, 2023

HPLC Method for Analysis of Uracil, Thymine, Hypoxanthine, Guanine on Newcrom AH Column by SIELC Technologies

Separation type: Liquid Chromatography Mixed-mode

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method for Analyses of Uracil, Thymine, Hypoxanthine and Guanine

Uracil, Thymine, Hypoxanthine, and Guanine are all nitrogenous bases, each playing distinct roles in the biochemistry of nucleic acids.

Uracil (U):

  • Found in: RNA
  • Pairs with: Adenine (A)
  • Structure: Pyrimidine
  • Role: Uracil replaces thymine in RNA. In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, but in RNA, adenine pairs with uracil.

Thymine (T):

  • Found in: DNA
  • Pairs with: Adenine (A)
  • Structure: Pyrimidine
  • Role: Thymine is specific to DNA, distinguishing it from RNA. It’s the base that pairs with adenine through two hydrogen bonds.

Hypoxanthine:

  • A naturally occurring purine derivative. It’s not directly a base in standard DNA or RNA, but it plays a significant role in the metabolism of purines.
  • It is the base form of the nucleoside inosine, which can be found in certain tRNAs and plays a role in wobble base pairing.
  • Hypoxanthine is also an intermediate in the purine degradation pathway, leading to the production of uric acid.

Guanine (G):

  • Found in: Both DNA and RNA
  • Pairs with: Cytosine (C)
  • Structure: Purine
  • Role: Guanine is one of the four main nucleobases in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine, contributing to the stability of the nucleic acid structures.

These nitrogenous bases are crucial for the structure, replication, and function of nucleic acids. Understanding their properties and interactions is fundamental to molecular biology and genetics.

Nucleotides can be retained and analyzed on a mixed-mode Newcrom AH column with a mobile phase consisting of water, Acetonitrile (MeCN), and ammonium formate. This analytical method can detect compounds with high resolution and peak symmetry using UV detection at 260 nm

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method for Analyses of Uracil, Thymine, Hypoxanthine and Guanine

Condition

ColumnNewcrom AH, 4.6 x 150 mm, 5 µm, 100 A
Mobile PhaseMeCN – 1%
Buffer Ammonium formate pH 3.0- 6 mM
Flow Rate1.0 ml/min
Peak Retention Time2.21, 2.38, 2.81, 7.92 min
Detection260 nm

Description

Class of CompoundsNucleotides
Analyzing CompoundsUracil, Thymine, Hypoxanthine, Guanine

Application Column

Newcrom AH

Column Diameter: 4.6 mm
Column Length: 150 mm
Particle Size: 5 µm
Pore Size: 100 A

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Application Analytes:
Guanine
Hypoxanthine
Thymine
Uracil

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HPLC Separation of Uracil, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine on Newcrom AH

April 14, 2020
HPLC Separation of Uracil, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine on Newcrom AH Column_1245

Uracil, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and Adenine are the nucleobases found in RNA and DNA.  The nucleobases are difficult to separate on reverse-phase columns due to their polar, hydrophilic and ionic nature.  Using the Newcrom AH mixed-mode column, the nucleobases can be easily separated isocratically using low organic mobile phase (5% acetonitrile) or pure water, if organic mobile phase is undesirable, with ammonium formate buffer, making the method both UV and Mass Spec compatible.

ColumnNewcrom AH, 4.6×150 mm, 5 µm, 100A
Mobile PhaseMeCN/H2O – 5/95%
BufferAmFm pH 3.0- 30 mM
Flow Rate1.0 ml/min
DetectionUV 260 nm,  MS-compatible mobile phase

ColumnNewcrom AH, 4.6×150 mm, 5 µm, 100A
Mobile PhaseH2O – 100%
BufferAmFm pH 3.0- 10 mM
Flow Rate1.0 ml/min
DetectionUV 260 nm,  MS-compatible mobile phase

Class of CompoundsHydrophilic, Drug, Xanthine, Nucleic Bases
Analyzing CompoundsUracil, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine

Application Column

Newcrom AH

The Newcrom columns are a family of reverse-phase-based columns. Newcrom A, AH, B, and BH are all mixed-mode columns with either positive or negative ion-pairing groups attached to either short (25 Å) or long (100 Å) ligand chains. Newcrom R1 is a special reverse-phase column with low silanol activity.

Select options
Application Analytes:
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Uracil
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

Generic Screening Method for Complex Mixtures on Primesep 200

October 15, 2015

Condition

Column Primesep 200, 4.6*150 mm 5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN/H2O
Buffer H2SO4
Flow Rate 1.0 ml/min
Detection UV, 215 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Drug, Acid, Hydrophilic, Ionizable, Hormone
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Epinephrine, DOPA, 2,6-Lutidine, Benzylamine, Hydroxytrypthophan, Homovanillic acid, Phenol, Tryptophan , 2,3-DHBA, Benzoic acid, Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Toluene, Amitriptyline

 

Application Column

Primesep 200

Column Diameter: 4.6 mm
Column Length: 150 mm
Particle Size: 5 µm
Pore Size: 100 A

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Application Analytes:
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid
2,6-Lutidine
Amitriptyline
Benzoic Acid
Benzylamine
DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine)
Epinephrine
Ethylparaben
Homovanillic Acid
Hydroxytryptophan
Methylparaben
Phenol
Toluene
Tryptophan
Uracil

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HPLC Separation of Uracil and Uridine in HILIC Mode on Primesep S2 Column

July 14, 2011

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Uracil and uridine are separated based on their polarity. The mechanism of retention is pure HILIC mode. Retention time is controlled by varying the amount of ACN. Buffer concentration and pH will affect ionization and polarity of the stationary phase, and thus indirectly affect retention of neutral compounds. Column is compatible with all general detection techniques.

Condition

Column Primesep S2, 4.6×150 mm, 5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN/H2O – 80/20%
Buffer AmAc
Flow Rate 1.0 ml/min
Detection ELSD, 50C UV 250 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Nucleosides,  Hydrophilic, Ionizable
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Uridine

 

Application Column

Primesep S2

The Primesep family of mixed-mode columns offers a wide variety of stationary phases, boasting unprecedented selectivity in the separation of a broad array of chemical compounds across multiple applications. Corresponding Primesep guard columns, available with all stationary phases, do not require holders. SIELC provides a method development service available to all customers. Inquire about our specially-tailored custom LC-phases for specific separations.

Select options
Application Analytes:
Uracil
Uridine

Application Detection:
ELSD Detection
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HPLC Separation of 8 Generic Compounds on Primesep 200

March 27, 2011


Mixed-mode HPLC columns allow to analyze compounds with drastically different properties in one run. Acidic, basic, and neutral compounds can be separated in one run using either isocratic or gradient conditions. In this application, neutral hydrophilic (uracil, phenol and hydroquinone), neutral hydrophobic (toluene), hydrophilic acidic (benzoic acid), hydrophilic basic (lutidine) and hydrophobic basic (amitriptyline) are separated using gradient of ACN. Neutral compounds are retained by reversed-phase mechanism, hydrophilic acidic compound become more hydrophobic at lower pH and retain by reversed-phase mechanism too. Basic compounds are retained by cation exchange mechanism, and hydrophobic basic compounds are retained by reversed-phase and cation-exchange mechanisms. All compounds are resolved within 17 minutes on a short column. Method can be applied to various polar and hydrophobic compounds, which can be separated on one column and in one run. Mixed-mode columns can operate in single or combination of several modes: reversed-phase, ion-exchange, ion-exclusion and HILIC. This mixed-mode HPLC column can be used as a general column for separation of wide range of compounds.

Condition

Column Primesep 200, Primesep 100 5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN/H2O
Buffer AmFm pH3.0
Flow Rate 0.5 ml/min, 1.0 ml/min
Detection UV, 250 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Drug, Acid, Hydrophilic, Ionizable, Hormone
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Hydroquinone, Phenol, Benzoic Acid, Benzylamine, Lutidine, Toluene, Amitriptyline

 

Application Column

Primesep 200

Column Diameter: 3.2 mm
Column Length: 50 mm
Particle Size: 5 µm
Pore Size: 100 A

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Application Analytes:
Amitriptyline
Benzoic Acid
Benzylamine
Hydroquinone
Lutidine
Phenol
Toluene
Uracil

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HPLC Separation of 8 Generic Compounds on Primesep 100

March 27, 2011


Mixed-mode HPLC columns allow to analyze compounds with drastically different properties in one run. Acidic, basic, and neutral compounds can be separated in one run using either isocratic or gradient conditions. In this application, neutral hydrophilic (uracil, phenol and hydroquinone), neutral hydrophobic (toluene), hydrophilic acidic (benzoic acid), hydrophilic basic (lutidine) and hydrophobic basic (amitriptyline) are separated using gradient of ACN. Neutral compounds are retained by reversed-phase mechanism, hydrophilic acidic compound become more hydrophobic at lower pH and retain by reversed-phase mechanism too. Basic compounds are retained by cation exchange mechanism, and hydrophobic basic compounds are retained by reversed-phase and cation-exchange mechanisms. All compounds are resolved within 17 minutes on a short column. Method can be applied to various polar and hydrophobic compounds, which can be separated on one column and in one run. Mixed-mode columns can operate in single or combination of several modes: reversed-phase, ion-exchange, ion-exclusion and HILIC. This mixed-mode HPLC column can be used as a general column for separation of wide range of compounds.

Condition

Column Primesep 200, Primesep 100 5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN/H2O
Buffer AmFm pH3.0
Flow Rate 0.5 ml/min, 1.0 ml/min
Detection UV, 250 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Drug, Acid, Hydrophilic, Ionizable, Hormone
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Hydroquinone, Phenol, Benzoic Acid, Benzylamine, Lutidine, Toluene, Amitriptyline

 

Application Column

Primesep 100

Column Diameter: 4.6 mm
Column Length: 50 mm
Particle Size: 5 µm
Pore Size: 100 A

Add to cart
Application Analytes:
Amitriptyline
Benzoic Acid
Benzylamine
Hydroquinone
Lutidine
Phenol
Toluene
Uracil

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HPLC Separation of Acidic, Basic, and Neutral Compounds on Primesep 200

November 21, 2010


Primesep 100 and Primesep 200 columns can be used as a universal column for analysis of wide range of compounds. These mixed-mode reversed-phase ion-exchange HPLC columns can provide a valuable alternative to traditional reversed-phase column. Amines, amino acids, quaternary amines, and various zwitter-ions can be analyzed along with hydrophobic compounds and organic and inorganic counter-ions. In this application, 8 compounds with different hydrophobic, hydrophilic, basic and acidic properties are separated based on their properties. Primesep 100 column is a mixed-mode HPLC column with a C12 carbon chain and carboxylic acid on the surface with pKa of 1. Primesep 200 column is a mixed-mode HPLC column with a C12 carbon chain and carboxylic acid on the surface with pKa of 2. These columns can be used with 100% organic (ACN) and 100% aqueous mobile phases. This HPLC method can be adopted as a generic and robust approach for analysis of acidic, basic and neutral compounds within the same run.

Condition

Column Primesep 200, 3.0×50 mm, 5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN/H2O
Buffer AmFm pH3.0
Flow Rate 0.5 ml/min
Detection UV, 250 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Drug, Acid, Hydrophilic, Ionizable, Hormone
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Hydroquinone, Phenol, Benzoic Acid, Benzylamine, Lutidine, Toluene, Amitriptyline

 

Application Column

Primesep 200

Column Diameter: 3.2 mm
Column Length: 50 mm
Particle Size: 5 µm
Pore Size: 100 A

Add to cart
Application Analytes:
Amitriptyline
Benzoic Acid
Benzylamine
Hydroquinone
Lutidine
Phenol
Toluene
Uracil

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HPLC Separation of Uridine and Uracil

November 21, 2010


Uracil is a naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. Uracil is used for drug delivery and as a pharmaceutical. Uridine is a product of uracil and sugar ribose. Uridine is one of components of ribonucleic acid. Uracil and uridine are slightly basic in nature. Both compounds are hydrophilic and uracil is very often is used as a void marker in reversed-phase chromatography. Uracil and uridine are separated based on their polar properties on a Primesep N HILIC column. Uracil and uridine are monitored by UV.

Condition

Column Primesep N, 4.6×150 mm, 5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN/H2O – 90/10%
Buffer No
Flow Rate 1.0 ml/min
Detection UV 250 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Nucleosides,  Hydrophilic, Ionizable
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Uridine

 

Application Column

Primesep N

The Primesep family of mixed-mode columns offers a wide variety of stationary phases, boasting unprecedented selectivity in the separation of a broad array of chemical compounds across multiple applications. Corresponding Primesep guard columns, available with all stationary phases, do not require holders. SIELC provides a method development service available to all customers. Inquire about our specially-tailored custom LC-phases for specific separations.

Select options
Application Analytes:
Uracil
Uridine

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HILIC Retention of Uridine and Uracil on Sielc’s HILIC Columns

August 22, 2008

Uridine and uracil are separated on three HILIC columns from SIELC. Primesep N, Primesep S, and Obelisc N columns all have different polarity and different embedded acidic groups on the surface of silica gel: Primesep N is a normal-phase HPLC column with embedded acidic groups with a pKa of about 5. Primesep S is a normal-phase HPLC column with embedded acidic groups with a pKa of about 3. The Primesep S stationary phase retains basic compounds by cation-exchange at pH > 3.

In traditional HILIC mode, a charged or neutral polar analyte interacts with a water layer on the polar stationary phase surface. On Obelisc N the charges are greatly separated and independently accessible, resulting in different selectivity compared to traditional HILIC and silica columns. Mobile phase composition changes the conformation of the long hydrophilic chain. All three columns can be used to analyze uridine and uracil by HPLC with UV, LC/MS and ELSD detection.

ColumnPrimesep N, 4.6 x 150 mm, 5 µm, 100 A Primesep S, Obelisc N
Mobile PhaseMeCN/H2O – 95/5%
BufferAmAc pH 4.0 – 5mM
Flow Rate1.0 ml/min
DetectionUV 270 nm
Class of Compounds
Nucleosides,  Hydrophilic, Ionizable
Analyzing CompoundsUracil, Uridine

Application Column

Primesep N

Column Diameter: 4.6 mm
Column Length: 150 mm
Particle Size: 5 µm
Pore Size: 100 A

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Primesep S

Column Diameter: 4.6 mm
Column Length: 150 mm
Particle Size: 5 µm
Pore Size: 100 A

Add to cart

Obelisc N

Column Diameter: 4.6 mm
Column Length: 150 mm
Particle Size: 5 µm
Pore Size: 100 A

Add to cart
Application Analytes:
Uracil
Uridine

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HPLC Application for Separation of Nucleotide Bases Uracil, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine on Primesep 200 Column

December 6, 2007

Nucleotide bases are parts of DNA and RNA. Adenine and guanine are purine-bases; uracil, thymine and cytosine are pyrimidine-bases. In the view of chromatography these compounds are very polar and similar in properties. It is hard to obtain base line HPLC separation on traditional C18 as peaks of nucleotide bases co-elute even at low organic concentration. In this application nucleobases are well retained and separated on Primesep 200 mixed-mode column. Compounds are retained by weak reverse phase and weak ion-exchange mechanisms. This HPLC method can utilize UV, ELSD, and LC/MS detection.

Condition

Column Primesep 200, 4.6*250 mm,  5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN/H2O – 10/90%
Buffer TFA – 0.2%
Flow Rate 0.5 ml/min, 1.0 ml/min
Detection UV, 270 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Drug, Acid, Hydrophilic, Ionizable, Hormone
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine

 

Application Column

Primesep 200

The Primesep family of mixed-mode columns offers a wide variety of stationary phases, boasting unprecedented selectivity in the separation of a broad array of chemical compounds across multiple applications. Corresponding Primesep guard columns, available with all stationary phases, do not require holders. SIELC provides a method development service available to all customers. Inquire about our specially-tailored custom LC-phases for specific separations.

Select options
Application Analytes:
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Purines
Pyrimidines
Uracil

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

HPLC Separation of Nucleic Bases at pH 4 and 5 on Obelisc N

March 3, 2007


Nucleic bases are biological compounds found in genetic molecules (DNA, RNA). They can be separated on an Obelisc N column, which offers very polar characteristics and can be used with positively or negatively charged groups. Closely-eluted adenosine and uridine can be further separated by simply adjusting the pH of the mobile phase. Mobile phase is water and acetonitrile (MeCN, ACN) with Ammonium Acetate as buffer. UV detection at 250nm.

Condition

Column Obelisc N, 4.6×150 mm, 5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN -90%
Buffer AmAc
Flow Rate 1.0 ml/min
Detection UV, 250 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Drug, Acid, Hydrophilic, Ionizable, Vitamin, Supplements
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Uridine, Adenosine, Guanosine, Cytidine, Cytosine

 

 

Application Column

Obelisc N

SIELC has developed the Obelisc™ columns, which are mixed-mode and utilize Liquid Separation Cell technology (LiSC™). These cost-effective columns are the first of their kind to be commercially available and can replace multiple HPLC columns, including reversed-phase (RP), AQ-type reversed-phase, polar-embedded group RP columns, normal-phase, cation-exchange, anion-exchange, ion-exclusion, and HILIC (Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography) columns. By controlling just three orthogonal method parameters - buffer concentration, buffer pH, and organic modifier concentration - users can adjust the column properties with pinpoint precision to separate complex mixtures.

Select options
Application Analytes:
Adenosine
Cytidine
Cytosine
Guanosine
Uracil
Uridine

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.

Separation of Nucleic Bases

September 24, 2003

Primesep 200 separates with baseline resolution nucleic bases (uracil, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and adenine) by a combination of cation exchange and reversed phase. Uracil typically does not retain on reversed-phase column and is often used as an unretained void volume marker for C18 and C8 columns. Primesep 200 has an embedded anionic functional group which helps retain polar compounds polar and ion-exchange mechanisms. Excellent peak shape results with a mass spec compatible mobile phase of water, acetonitrile (MeCN, ACN) and trifluoracetic acid (TFA) with UV detection at 270 nm.

Condition

Column Primesep 200, 4.6*250 mm,  5 µm, 100A
Mobile Phase MeCN/H2O – 10/90%
Buffer TFA – 0.2%
Flow Rate 0.5 ml/min, 1.0 ml/min
Detection UV, 270 nm

 

Description

Class of Compounds
Drug, Acid, Hydrophilic, Ionizable, Hormone
Analyzing Compounds Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine

 

Application Column

Primesep 200

The Primesep family of mixed-mode columns offers a wide variety of stationary phases, boasting unprecedented selectivity in the separation of a broad array of chemical compounds across multiple applications. Corresponding Primesep guard columns, available with all stationary phases, do not require holders. SIELC provides a method development service available to all customers. Inquire about our specially-tailored custom LC-phases for specific separations.

Select options
Application Analytes:
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Nucleic Bases
Thymine
Uracil

Application Detection:
UV Detection
SIELC Technologies usually develops more than one method for each compound. Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your specific application. Before you decide to implement this method in your research, please send us an email to research@sielc.com so we can ensure you get optimal results for your compound/s of interest.